Utilizing in ovo telemetry to examine the effects of reduced incubation temperature on broiler embryo temperature and subsequent hatchability.

The current commercial broiler embryo experiences a rapid metabolism and growth rate and may produce more heat than those of the past. Consequently, it may be beneficial to lower standard incubation temperature for commercial broiler hatching eggs. The purpose of this experiment was to determine if lowering incubation temperature at 12 d of incubation (DOI) would affect embryo temperature (ET) in embryonated Ross 708 broiler hatching eggs. From 0 to 12 DOI, eggs were incubated under standard conditions (37.50°C dry bulb, 29.76°C wet bulb). At 12 DOI, temperature transponders were aseptically placed on the inner air cell membrane to measure air cell temperature (ACT) as an estimate of ET in 120 eggs. The eggs were then randomly assigned to 4 separate still-air incubators, each containing 30 eggs. Two replicate incubators were maintained at a standard (STRT; 37.5°C) or low (LTRT; 35.6°C) temperature treatment between 12 and 21 DOI. A significant positive correlation existed between incubator air temperature (IAT) and ACT across temperature treatment and in the STRT. However, IAT was not significantly correlated with ACT in the LTRT. A significantly higher ACT was observed in the STRT than in the LTRT for 88% of the readings taken between 12 and 21 DOI. Percent egg weight loss (PEWL) between 13 and 17 DOI did not significantly differ between temperature treatments. From 13 to 17 DOI, there was a significant positive correlation between PEWL and ACT in the STRT, however, no significant correlation occurred between PEWL and ACT in the LTRT. Percent hatch of fertile eggs containing live embryos at 12 DOI was 93.3% in the STRT and 100% in the LTRT. However, time of hatch occurred 14 to 19 h later and hatchling BW was lower in the LTRT than in the STRT. Although lowering IAT at 12 DOI may improve hatchability, an associated delay in hatch and a decrease in hatchling BW may not be commercially acceptable.

Monitoring partially marked populations using camera and telemetry data.

Long-term monitoring is an important component of effective wildlife conservation. However, many methods for estimating density are too costly or difficult to implement over large spatial and temporal extents. Recently developed spatial mark-resight (SMR) models are increasingly being applied as a cost-effective method to estimate density when data include detections of both marked and unmarked individuals. We developed a generalized SMR model that can accommodate long-term camera data and auxiliary telemetry data for improved spatiotemporal inference in monitoring efforts. The model can be applied in two stages, with detection parameters estimated in the first stage using telemetry data and camera detections of instrumented individuals. Density is estimated in the second stage using camera data, with all individuals treated as unmarked. Serial correlation in detection and density parameters is accounted for using time-series models. The two-stage approach reduces computational demands and facilitates the application to large data sets from long-term monitoring initiatives. We applied the model to 3 years (2015-2017) of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) data collected in three study areas of the Big Cypress Basin, Florida, USA. In total, 59 females marked with ear tags and fitted with GPS-telemetry collars were detected along with unmarked females on 180 remote cameras. Most of the temporal variation in density was driven by seasonal fluctuations, but one study area exhibited a slight population decline during the monitoring period. Modern technologies such as camera traps provide novel possibilities for long-term monitoring, but the resulting massive data sets, which are subject to unique sources of observation error, have posed analytical challenges. The two-stage spatial mark-resight framework provides a solution with lower computational demands than joint SMR models, allowing for easier implementation in practice. In addition, after detection parameters have been estimated, the model may be used to estimate density even if no synchronous auxiliary information on marked individuals is available, which is often the case in long-term monitoring.

Modeling abundance, distribution, movement and space use with camera and telemetry data.

Studies of animal abundance and distribution are often conducted independently of research on movement, despite the important links between processes. Movement can cause rapid changes in spatial variation in density, and movement influences detection probability and therefore estimates of abundance from inferential methods such as spatial capture-recapture (SCR). Technological developments including camera traps and GPS telemetry have opened new opportunities for studying animal demography and movement, yet statistical models for these two data types have largely developed along parallel tracks. We present a hierarchical model in which both datasets are conditioned on a movement process for a clearly defined population. We fitted the model to data from 60 camera traps and 23,572 GPS telemetry locations collected on 17 male white-tailed deer in the Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida, USA during July 2015. Telemetry data were collected on a 3-4 h acquisition schedule, and we modeled the movement paths of all individuals in the region with a Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process that included individual-specific random effects. Two of the 17 deer with GPS collars were detected on cameras. An additional 20 male deer without collars were detected on cameras and individually identified based on their unique antler characteristics. Abundance was 126 (95% CI: 88-177) in the 228 km2 region, only slightly higher than estimated using a standard SCR model: 119 (84-168). The standard SCR model, however, was unable to describe individual heterogeneity in movement rates and space use as revealed by the joint model. Joint modeling allowed the telemetry data to inform the movement model and the SCR encounter model, while leveraging information in the camera data to inform abundance, distribution and movement. Unlike most existing methods for population-level inference on movement, the joint SCR-movement model can yield unbiased inferences even if non-uniform sampling is used to deploy transmitters. Potential extensions of the model include the addition of resource selection parameters, and relaxation of the closure assumption when interest lies in survival and recruitment. These developments would contribute to the emerging holistic framework for the study of animal ecology, one that uses modern technology and spatio-temporal statistics to learn about interactions between behavior and demography.

Long-term pharmacological torpor of rats with feedback-controlled drug administration.

The maintenance of pharmacological torpor and hypothermia (body temperature 28 °C - 33 °C) in rats for a week is presented. For this purpose, our laboratory has developed a device (BioFeedback-2) for the feed-back controlled multiple injections of small doses of a pharmacological composition that we created earlier. On the 7th day, the rat spontaneously come out of the pharmacological torpor, the body temperature returned to normal, and on the 8th day, the animal could consume food and water. The proposed approach for maintaining multi-day pharmacological torpor can be applied in medicine, as well as for protecting astronauts during long missions in space.

Application of machine learning to identify predators of stocked fish in Lake Ontario: using acoustic telemetry predation tags to inform management.

Understanding predator-prey interactions and food web dynamics is important for ecosystem-based management in aquatic environments, as they experience increasing rates of human-induced changes, such as the addition and removal of fishes. To quantify the post-stocking survival and predation of a prey fish in Lake Ontario, 48 bloater Coregonus hoyi were tagged with acoustic telemetry predation tags and were tracked on an array of 105 acoustic receivers from November 2018 to June 2019. Putative predators of tagged bloater were identified by comparing movement patterns of six species of salmonids (i.e., predators) in Lake Ontario with the post-predated movements of bloater (i.e., prey) using a random forests algorithm, a type of supervised machine learning. A total of 25 bloater (53% of all detected) were consumed by predators on average (± S.D.) 3.1 ± 2.1 days after release. Post-predation detections of predators occurred for an average (± S.D.) of 78.9 ± 76.9 days, providing sufficient detection data to classify movement patterns. Tagged lake trout Salvelinus namaycush provided the most reliable classification from behavioural predictor variables (89% success rate) and was identified as the main consumer of bloater (consumed 50%). Movement networks between predicted and tagged lake trout were significantly correlated over a 6 month period, supporting the classification of lake trout as a common bloater predator. This study demonstrated the ability of supervised learning techniques to provide greater insight into the fate of stocked fishes and predator-prey dynamics, and this technique is widely applicable to inform future stocking and other management efforts.

Predicting the factors influencing the inter- and intraspecific survival rates of riverine fishes implanted with acoustic transmitters.

Biotelemetry is a central tool for fisheries management, with the implantation of transmitters into animals requiring refined surgical techniques that maximize retention rates and fish welfare. Even following successful surgery, long-term post-release survival rates can vary considerably, although knowledge is limited for many species. The aim here was to investigate the post-tagging survival rates in the wild of two lowland river fish species, common bream Abramis brama and northern pike Esox lucius, following their intra-peritoneal double-tagging with acoustic transmitters and passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags. Survival over a 2-year period was assessed using acoustic transmitter data in Cox proportional hazards models. Post-tagging survival rates were lowest in the reproductive periods of both species, but in bream, fish tagged just prior to spawning actually had the highest subsequent survival rates. Pike survival was influenced by sex, with males generally surviving longer than females. PIT tag detections at fixed stations identified bream that remained active, despite loss of an acoustic transmitter signal. In these instances, loss of the acoustic signal occurred up to 215 days post-tagging and only during late spring or summer, indicating a role of elevated temperature, while PIT detections occurred between 18 and 359 days after the final acoustic detections. Biotelemetry studies must thus always consider the date of tagging as a fundamental component of study designs to avoid tagged fish having premature end points within telemetry studies.

Retrospective spatial analysis for African swine fever in endemic areas to assess interactions between susceptible host populations.

African Swine Fever (ASF) is one of the most complex and significant diseases from a sanitary-economic perspective currently affecting the world's swine-farming industry. ASF has been endemic in Sardinia (Italy) since 1978, and several control and eradication programmes have met with limited success. In this traditional ASF endemic area, there are three susceptible host populations for this virus sharing the same habitat: wild boar, farmed domestic pigs and non-registered free-ranging pigs (known as "brado" animals). The main goal of this study was to determine and predict fine-scale spatial interactions of this multi-host system in relation to the epidemiology of ASF in the main endemic area of Sardinia, Montes-Orgosolo. To this end, simultaneous monitoring of GPS-GSM collared wild boar and free-ranging pigs sightings were performed to predict interaction indexes through latent selection difference functions with environmental, human and farming factors. Regarding epidemiological assessment, the spatial inter-specific interaction indexes obtained here were used to correlate ASF notifications in wild boar and domestic pig farms. Daily movement patterns, home ranges (between 120.7 and 2,622.8 ha) and resource selection of wild boar were obtained for the first time on the island. Overall, our prediction model showed the highest spatial interactions between wild boar and free-ranging pigs in areas close to pig farms. A spatially explicit model was obtained to map inter-specific interaction over the complete ASF-endemic area of the island. Our approach to monitoring interaction indexes may help explain the occurrence of ASF notifications in wild boar and domestic pigs on a fine-spatial scale. These results support the recent and effective eradication measures taken in Sardinia. In addition, this methodology could be extrapolated to apply in the current epidemiological scenarios of ASF in Eurasia, where exist multi-host systems involving free-ranging pigs and wild boar.

Pushing the envelope: Micro-transmitter effects on small juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).

Significant effort has been invested in downsizing telemetry transmitters so they can be used to monitor survival and behavior in a variety of fish species and life stages. Commercially available "micro" transmitters in particular have presented researchers with the opportunity to tag very small fish (< 250 mm fork length). We conducted a release/recapture study in tandem with a laboratory study of tag effects on juvenile yearling spring and subyearling fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Fish surgically implanted with both a micro-acoustic transmitter and passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags were compared with fish injected with only a PIT tag. Detections from both tag types showed that during the downstream migration, fish surgically implanted with both a micro-acoustic transmitter and PIT tag did not survive at the same rate or behave in the same manner as those injected with only a PIT tag. Differences in survival were more pronounced in subyearlings than in yearlings. This was likely due to warmer temperatures experienced by migrating subyearlings, their higher metabolic rate, and their smaller size and consequently higher tag-burden. To identify the mechanisms driving these differences, we necropsied migrating study fish recaptured at locations 225-460 km downstream from the release site. Results revealed that compared with PIT-tagged fish, micro-acoustic-tagged fish had heightened inflammatory responses within the body cavity, delayed healing of surgical incision sites, and poor body-condition. For study fish tagged along with those released to the river but held in the laboratory for observation, outcomes revealed that tag effects were similar in direction, but not as pronounced under artificial conditions.

Medical-Grade ECG Sensor for Long-Term Monitoring.

The recent trend in electrocardiogram (ECG) device development is towards wireless body sensors applied for patient monitoring. The ultimate goal is to develop a multi-functional body sensor that will provide synchronized vital bio-signs of the monitored user. In this paper, we present an ECG sensor for long-term monitoring, which measures the surface potential difference between proximal electrodes near the heart, called differential ECG lead or differential lead, in short. The sensor has been certified as a class IIa medical device and is available on the market under the trademark Savvy ECG. An improvement from the user's perspective-immediate access to the measured data-is also implemented into the design. With appropriate placement of the device on the chest, a very clear distinction of all electrocardiographic waves can be achieved, allowing for ECG recording of high quality, sufficient for medical analysis. Experimental results that elucidate the measurements from a differential lead regarding sensors' position, the impact of artifacts, and potential diagnostic value, are shown. We demonstrate the sensors' potential by presenting results from its various areas of application: medicine, sports, veterinary, and some new fields of investigation, like hearth rate variability biofeedback assessment and biometric authentication.

Annual migratory patterns of Far East Greylag Geese (Anser anser rubrirostris) revealed by GPS tracking.

Twenty Far East Greylag Geese, Anser anser rubrirostris, were captured and fitted with Global Positioning System/Global System for Mobile Communications (GPS/GSM) loggers to identify breeding and wintering areas, migration routes and stopover sites. Telemetry data for the first time showed linkages between their Yangtze River wintering areas, stopover sites in northeastern China, and breeding/molting grounds in eastern Mongolia and northeast China. 10 of the 20 tagged individuals provided sufficient data. They stopped on migration at the Yellow River Estuary, Beidagang Reservoir and Xar Moron River, confirming these areas as being important stopover sites for this population. The median spring migration duration was 33.7 days (individuals started migrating between 25 February and 16 March and completed migrating from 1 to 9 April) compared to 52.7 days in autumn (26 September-13 October until 4 November-11 December). The median stopover duration was 31.1 and 51.3 days and the median speed of travel was 62.6 and 47.9 km/day for spring and autumn migration, respectively. The significant differences between spring and autumn migration on the migration duration, the stopover duration and the migration speed confirmed that tagged adult Greylag Geese traveled faster in spring than autumn, supporting the hypothesis that they should be more time-limited during spring migration.

Migration patterns of a potamodromous piscivore, asp (Leuciscus aspius), in a river-lake system.

Potamodromous fishes require safe migration routes between spawning, feeding and wintering habitats to complete their life cycle. As knowledge on asp migrations is restricted, this work investigated the movements of adult asp tagged with acoustic transmitters for 3 years in the large Peipsi-Emajõgi-Võrtsjärv lake-river system, Estonia, which is free of migration barriers. Asp showed complex migration patterns, moving between and within different waterbodies (lakes, river, tributaries) in all seasons, but with a tendency to repeat habitat use patterns between years. Lakes were mainly used for feeding during spring and summer (after spawning 65% of the fish migrated to Lake Peipsi), and more so by large fish. The majority (80-96%) of the fish spent the winter in the rivers, mostly close to their subsequent spawning area. Spawning areas were in swift-flowing waters in tributaries and the main river. The results indicate that asp may benefit from an extensive and diverse complex of habitats, and any migration barrier during any season may restrict the natural habitat use by asp. Maintenance and restoration of habitat heterogeneity and connectivity is critical to protect behaviourally diverse fish populations and increase resilience in rivers negatively impacted by various human activities.

ANESTHESIA AND SURGERY PROTOCOLS FOR INTRA-ABDOMINAL TRANSMITTER PLACEMENT IN FOUR SPECIES OF WILD ARMADILLO.

The anatomy and physiology of armadillos make anesthetic procedures and the placement of telemetry devices challenging. From June 2011 to November 2019, a total of 73 free-living armadillos were captured and anesthetized in the Pantanal, Brazil. Giant (Priodontes maximus), six-banded (Euphractus sexcinctus), southern naked-tailed (Cabassous unicinctus), and nine-banded (Dasypus novemcinctus) armadillos were divided into two groups. In group 1, 30 armadillos were anesthetized for collection of biological samples, body measurements, and placement of a microchip tag. Anesthetic combination BDM was applied: butorphanol tartrate, detomidine hydrochloride, and midazolam hydrochloride, each at 0.1 mg/kg. In group 2, 43 armadillos received ketamine hydrochloride at 10 mg/kg 20 min after BDM injection, and intra-abdominal radio transmitters were surgically implanted. The transmitter was inserted freely into the abdominal cavity. Vital signs were monitored during anesthesia every 10 min and varied within species and between groups. Rectal temperature varied from 33.1 ± 1.36 to 35.34 ± 1.21°C, heart rate (beats/min) from 19 ± 2.14 to 84.71 ± 9.25, respiratory rate (breaths/min) from 11 ± 4.16 to 31 ± 2.82, and oxygen saturation values (SPO2%) from 84.17% ± 2.39 to 98% ± 1.20. Both groups received the antagonist combination NYF: naloxone hydrochloride (0.02 mg/kg), yohimbine hydrochloride (0.125 mg/kg), and flumazenil (0.01 mg/kg). Recovery varied according to intravenous or intramuscular injection from 2 ± 4 to 8.08 ± 2.93 min respectively. BDM protocol was considered satisfactory and provided enough time to complete the procedures (60 ± 85 to 133.20 ± 9.12 min) according to the species and group. Ketamine added to the BDM provided enough time and a surgical plane of anesthesia (97 ± 22 to 137 ± 39.5 min). The surgical procedure technique chosen did not appear to have a negative impact on armadillos studied. Implantable transmitters provide a cost-effective method for long-term monitoring of wild individuals.

Long-term retention of dummy acoustic transmitters in adult brown trout.

A group of 36 1+ age class Salmo trutta were surgically implanted with dummy acoustic tags and monitored for 370 days. In total 13 tags were expelled throughout the experiment with an overall tag loss rate of c. 0.035 tags per day. Fish length was the only explanatory variable which had a significant association with subsequent tag expulsion. The estimated probability of retaining a tag for a year for a fish of length 32 cm was 0.76, 34 cm was 0.60 and 36 cm was 0.38. The long-term tag loss patterns were examined and discussed.

New Device for Noninvasive Telemetric Monitoring of Vital Signs in Healthy and Newly Operated Piglets.

Measuring vital signs is central to medical practice, but they are difficult to monitor in awake laboratory animals. We examined the feasibility of a noninvasive device for telemetric assessment of respiration rate, heart rate, temperature and movement in pigs. Awake piglets were monitored continuously for 31 h (interquartile range, 7) before (n = 4) and after (n = 3) surgery. Data quality was sufficient for determination of all parameters. We conclude that continuous, noninvasive monitor- ing of pigs is possible by using the evaluated device.

Integrating livestock management and telemetry data to assess disease transmission risk between wildlife and livestock.

Overlap of cattle and wild elk ranges in southwestern Alberta foothills is an opportunity for inter-species interactions. To assess the spatio-temporal patterns of disease transmission risk between cattle and elk, several risk indexes were defined to represent different transmission routes. Risk indexes were estimated by combining elk telemetry data obtained from 168 GPS-collared elk, and cattle management information obtained by interviews conducted in 16 cow-calf operations overlapping the elk home range. We assessed the bias resulting from ignoring cattle movement related to seasonnal grazing practices, and the impact of the assessment of spatio-temporal patterns of risk. Direct transmission risk indexes peaked during winter months, due to aggregation at higher densities of both elk and cattle on winter ranges and winter pastures, respectively. However, a summer peak also was observed when risk indexes were not adjusted for pasture area, due to larger cattle summer pastures overlapping a higher number of elk telemetry locations. We identified periods when the proximity of elk to specific features (such as mineral blocks, hay land, winter-feeding areas, or water sources) may increase the risk of inter-species transmission. Indirect transmission risk indexes increased with the survival of pathogens in the environment, as the temporal constraint for cattle and elk overlap decreased. Finally, integrating pasture management information substantially influenced the magnitude and temporal patterns of transmission risk indexes, highlighting the importance of collecting detailed livestock management data in the context of assessing the risk of inter-species disease transmission.

Photo-ID and telemetry highlight a global whale shark hotspot in Palawan, Philippines.

The Philippines is home to the second largest known population of whale sharks in the world. The species is listed as endangered due to continued population declines in the Indo-Pacific. Knowledge about the connectivity within Southeast Asia remains poor, and thus international management is difficult. Here, we employed pop-up archival tags, data mining and dedicated effort to understand an aggregation of whale sharks at Honda Bay, Palawan, Philippines, and its role in the species' conservation. Between Apr and Oct 2018, we conducted 159 surveys identifying 117 individual whale sharks through their unique spot patterns (96.5% male, mean 4.5 m). A further 66 individual whale sharks were identified from local operators, and data mined on social media platforms. The satellite telemetry data showed that the whale sharks moved broadly, with one individual moving to Sabah, Malaysia, before returning to the site <1 year later. Similarly, another tagged whale shark returned to the site at a similar periodicity after reaching the Malay-Filipino border. One individual whale shark first identified in East Kalimantan, Indonesia by a citizen scientist was resighted in Honda Bay ~3.5 years later. Honda Bay is a globally important site for the endangered whale shark with connectivity to two neighbouring countries, highlighting the need for international cooperation to manage the species.

INTRANASAL ADMINISTRATION OF MIDAZOLAM HYDROCHLORIDE IMPROVES SURVIVAL IN FEMALE SURF SCOTERS (MELANITTA PERSPICILLATA) SURGICALLY IMPLANTED WITH INTRACOELOMIC TRANSMITTERS.

The intracoelomic implantation of satellite transmitters is associated with lower survival in surf scoters (Melanitta perspicillata) compared with other species of diving ducks, potentially due to physiologic alterations following physical exertion and stress caused by handling and confinement. The effect of intranasal administration of midazolam hydrochloride on survival of surf scoters surgically implanted with intracelomic transmitters was evaluated. Shortly after their capture in Forestville (QC, Canada) in the fall of 2013, 26 randomly selected adult female surf scoters were administered midazolam hydrochloride (4.6-5.9 mg/kg) intranasally. The same volume of saline (1 mL) was given to another 26 adult female surf scoters as a control group. All birds were surgically implanted with an intracoelomic transmitter equipped with a percutaneous antenna. Transmitters were programmed to transmit 2 hr each day for 30 days after implantation, and mortality was estimated for each group using the telemetry data. The association between the administration of midazolam and survival was assessed while controlling for other factors such as body mass, transmitter-mass-to-body-mass ratio, hematocrit, total solids, and duration of surgery, anesthesia, and confinement. The odds of presumed death in the saline group were 5.3 times higher than in the midazolam group (95% confidence interval: 1.7, 19.0; P = 0.004). The presumed mortality at 30 days for the midazolam group (23%) was lower than for the saline group (61%). No other variable was significantly associated with survival. These results suggest that sedation with midazolam shortly after capture increased the postsurgical survival of female surf scoters surgically implanted with intracoelomic transmitters.

Genetics and telemetry indicate unexpected movements among structured populations for Brachyplatystoma platynemum in the Amazon.

The genetic analysis of Brachyplatystoma platynemum individuals sampled from the lower Madeira River reinforces the existence of two structured populations in the Amazon Basin (Madeira and Amazon populations). However, the recapture of an individual from the Amazon population in the Solimões River, which was telemetry-tagged in the Madeira River after the damming, indicates that fish from the Amazon population move between the two river systems. This has not yet been observed, however, in the Madeira River population, which is currently divided and isolated in the lower and upper Madeira River by the construction of two dams.

Respiratory sinus arrhythmia is a major component of heart rate variability in undisturbed, remotely monitored rattlesnakes, Crotalus durissus.

ECG recordings were obtained using an implanted telemetry device from the South American rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus, held under stable conditions without restraining cables or interaction with researchers. Mean heart rate (fH) recovered rapidly (<24 h) from anaesthesia and operative procedures. This preceded a more gradual development of heart rate variability (HRV), with instantaneous fH increasing during each lung ventilation cycle. Atropine injection increased mean fH and abolished HRV. Complete autonomic blockade revealed a cholinergic tonus on the heart of 55% and an adrenergic tonus of 37%. Power spectral analysis of HRV identified a peak at the same frequency as ventilation. This correlation was sustained after temperature changes and it was more evident, marked by a more prominent power spectrum peak, when ventilation is less episodic. This HRV component is homologous to that observed in mammals, termed respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). Evidence for instantaneous control of fH indicated rapid conduction of activity in the cardiac efferent nervous supply, as supported by the description of myelinated fibres in the cardiac vagus. Establishment of HRV 10 days after surgical intervention seems a reliable indicator of the re-establishment of control of integrative functions by the autonomic nervous system. We suggest that this criterion could be applied to other animals exposed to natural or imposed trauma, thus improving protocols involving animal handling, including veterinarian procedures.